Knowledge & Skills

The Knowledge and Skills overviews show the specific historical content students will learn in each unit of study throughout the year. These documents outline both the substantive knowledge (historical events, periods, and concepts) and the disciplinary skills (source analysis, causal reasoning, and historical interpretation) that students will develop. Each unit is broken down to clearly identify what students need to know and what they should be able to do upon completion. Through the systematic development of both knowledge and skills, students build historical awareness, analytical capabilities, and a deeper understanding of the past and its relevance to the present.

Select a unit to find out more...

What were the causes of the First World War?

Unit Progress Criteria
Substantive Knowledge	Disciplinary Knowledge
Gavrilo Princip’s assassination of Franz Ferdinand Serbia and Austria both aimed to control Bosnia The Austrian ultimatum Franco-Prussian War: Long and short-term consequences Case studies of imperial conflicts – Africa, Asia, naval arms race Germany’s desire for a ‘place in the sun’ (Weltpolitik) Emergence of Serbia as a nationalist power and ambition to absorb Bosnia State of European alliances in 1878 and 1907 Results of German diplomatic mistakes Obligations of the great powers according to their treaties The events of the July Crisis of 1914 The order in which countries declared war	Causation – the idea of a ‘trigger’ or a ‘spark’ for an event French humiliation and desire for revenge Effect of the emergence of Germany on balance of power Increased tension due to the examples of conflict given in the case studies The idea of increased hostility – not a direct cause of war, but making it more likely Causes of Austro-Serbian conflict Intersection of great powers’ ambitions (e.g. Russia and the Dardanelles, French loans to Serbia, etc) Emergence of Triple Entente and Triple Alliance – focus on German diplomatic failures Why Germany felt threatened by the Entente (link to the Schlieffen Plan) Consequences of treaty obligations in the event of FF’s assassination How the alliances may have restricted the powers’ options during the crisis The complex, multi-national nature of the crisis Consider ways in which the story has been told The issue of blame and inevitability

Is Alan Clark right about the British generals during the First World War?

Unit Progress Criteria
Substantive Knowledge	Disciplinary Knowledge
Details of the Schlieffen plan Reasons for failure Stalemate on the Marne leads to trench warfare Life in the trenches – duties, dangers, disease Time spent in the trenches during ‘normal’ months Battalion’s timetable for a month outside the trenches – Jan 1917 Disaster on the first day of the Somme Improvements and innovations during the rest of the battle of the Somme – creeping barrage, tanks, etc Failures at Loos – comms, artillery, tanks, aircraft, infantry New developments – creeping barrage, tanks, etc Deployment of new tactics and technologies at Cambrai – reasons for success.	Causation - reasons for the failure of the Schlieffen plan, including the language of causation from the literacy display Interpretations – what is accurate / inaccurate about Clark’s interpretation? Is Clark wrong to claim that there was ‘slaughter and exhaustion’? Interpretations – what is accurate / inaccurate about Clark’s interpretation? Is Clark wrong about the Somme? Why does he only mention the first day? The extent of change by Cambrai (late 1917) Interpretations – what is accurate / inaccurate about Clark’s interpretation? Is Clark right to describe battles as ‘hopeless offensives’? Which battles would meet this description?

How similar were the experiences of Britain's 'forgotten armies'?

Unit Progress Criteria
Substantive Knowledge	Disciplinary Knowledge
Indian sepoys on the Western Front, 1914 Arab rebels fighting the Ottomans; role of TE Lawrence Role of the Chinese Labour Corps Myth of Lettow-Vorbeck and the Schutztruppe Askaris and porters in East Africa	Comparison of roles and experiences for each group of ‘forgotten’ soldiers

Why was Millicent Fawcett given a statue in Parliament Square?

Unit Progress Criteria
Substantive Knowledge	Disciplinary Knowledge
Formation of the NUWSS and the WSPU Millicent Fawcett and law-abiding protest Emmeline Pankhurst; examples of militant protest Emily Davison Great Pilgrimage of 1913 Suffragettes and suffragists during WW1 Munitions workers during WW1	Understanding that Millicent Fawcett was deemed the most significant figure by a Parliamentary committee Consideration of contributions made by each group and by individuals Consideration of how their actions have been portrayed by media, by schools, etc Explanation of why Fawcett was deemed most significant

How similar were Port Sunlight and Leverville?

Unit Progress Criteria
Substantive Knowledge	Disciplinary Knowledge
Origins of Lever Brothers, Port Sunlight and Sunlight Soap Acquisition of palm plantations in the Belgian Congo Living conditions in Port Sunlight and Leverville Working conditions in Port Sunlight and Leverville Coercion in Port Sunlight and Leverville Examples of resistance in Port Sunlight and Leverville	Focus on economic concept of ‘labour’ – perhaps with reference to Labour’s recent struggle to define a ‘working person’ Understanding and explanation of differences and similarities between Port Sunlight and Leverville

Why did Henry Metelmann go "through Hell for Hitler"?

Unit Progress Criteria
Substantative Knowledge	Disciplinary Knowledge
Experiences of 1920s events, e.g. hyperinflation Early experiences of Nazi rallies Personal experience of Nazi terror Experiences in the Hitler Youth Experiences of education Experiences on the Eastern Front, incl. Stalingrad	Reasons for liking Nazis as a young boy (e.g. getting balloon from tree) Reasons for liking Hitler Youth How indoctrination worked in Hitler Youth and in school Why indoctrination worked on young people How indoctrination led to actions on Eastern Front How experiences of Eastern Front led to further atrocities

Was truth the "first casualty of war" during the Second World War?

Unit Progress Criteria
Substantive Knowledge	Disciplinary Knowledge
Reasons for evacuation Experiences of evacuees Portrayals of evacuation in the media Role of Home Guard Use of gov’t propaganda to recruit Home Guard and women workers Changing role of women during WW2 Merseyside Blitz Reporting of the Blitz – censorship and responsibility	Consideration of the purposes of propaganda and different forms of media during war time Evaluation of accuracy of various primary sources from WW2 Consideration of how sources were tailored to a specific audience Discussion of ethics of censorship during wartime

Why do historians disagree about the Allied victory during WW2?

Unit Progress Criteria
Substantive Knowledge	Disciplinary Knowledge
Battles of Kursk and Stalingrad Capture of Berlin, 1945 US war in the Pacific – Pearl Harbour, Midway, Iwo Jima, Okinawa Hiroshima and Nagasaki	Views of two historians about main cause of Allied Victory – Doris Kearns Goodwin credits US intervention, Richard Overy credits Soviet victory on the Eastern front Biographical information about Goodwin and Overy Knowledge of conflict used to evaluate interpretations

Why and how did the Holocaust happen?

Unit Progress Criteria
Substantive Knowledge	Disciplinary Knowledge
Anti-semitic persecution during the 1930s in Germany Construction and purpose of ghettos ‘Holocaust by bullets’ – role of the Einsatzgruppen; case study of Babi Yar Reasons for and aims of the Final Solution Extermination camps - case study of Auschwitz Discussion of responsibility – contrasting views of Browning and Goldhagen	Reasons for Nazis’ use of ghettos; different types of and conditions in ghettos Explaining the role of the Einsatzgruppen Reasons for Final Solution and use of extermination camps Judgement about responsibility and role of different groups within Germany (based on Goldhagen / Browning debate)

How has migration shaped our nation

Unit Progress Criteria
Substantive Knowledge	Disciplinary Knowledge
Migration to the British Isles up to 1066 – Celts, Romans, Anglo-Saxons, Vikings, Norman conquest Religious refugees – Huguenots and Jews Irish migrants in the 1840s and 50s Post-WW2 Caribbean migration Migrants from South Asia EU migration and the 21^st century	Reasons for migration – conquest, fleeing persecution, economic reasons Similarities and differences in reasons for migration British responses to migration in the 19^th, 20^th and 21^st centuries Impact and legacy of migrants on Britain over time – consequences of migration

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